TY - JOUR

T1 - The impact of a national cardiotocography education program on neonatal and maternal outcomes

T2 - A historical cohort study

AU - Thellesen, Line

AU - Bergholt, Thomas

AU - Sørensen, Jette Led

AU - Rosthøj, Susanne

AU - Hvidman, Lone

AU - Eskenazi, Brenda

AU - Hedegaard, Morten

PY - 2019

Y1 - 2019

N2 - Introduction: Studies indicate an association between errors in cardiotocography (CTG) management and hypoxic brain injuries among newborns. Continuing professional education is recommended. We aimed to examine whether the implementation of a national interprofessional CTG education program in Denmark was associated with a decrease in risk of fetal hypoxia measured by umbilical cord pH < 7.00, 5-minute Apgar score <7 or neonatal therapeutic hypothermia. As a secondary aim, we assessed whether the educational intervention was associated with an increase in operative deliveries. Material and methods: We conducted a historical cohort study from 2009 to 2015 including all intended vaginal deliveries with liveborn singletons in cephalic presentation and gestational age ≥37 weeks. Data were retrieved from the Medical Birth Register and the National Patient Register. The study period was divided in three: pre-implementation (2009-2012), implementation (2013) and post-implementation (2014-2015). Using logistic regression we estimated odds ratios (OR) of fetal hypoxia outcomes using the pre-implementation period as reference. Analyses were adjusted for potential maternal, neonatal and delivery-associated confounders. Missing data were accounted for by multiple imputation. Results: In all, 331 282 deliveries were included. Overall risks of pH < 7.00, Apgar score <7 and therapeutic hypothermia were respectively 0.45%, 0.58% and 0.06%. Adjusted OR in the post-implementation period were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.26), 0.99 (95% CI 0.90-1.10) and 1.34 (95% CI 0.99-1.82) for the three outcomes, respectively. The pH missingness equaled 12.4%. Odds of emergency cesarean section was unaltered, whereas the odds of assisted vaginal delivery decreased by 14% (0.86, 95% CI 0.84-0.89). Conclusions: Healthcare professionals are considered the weakest link of CTG technology. We did not find that increasing healthcare professionals’ CTG interpretation skills affected the risk of fetal hypoxia. Missing data for pH values were substantial and represent a limitation of the study. We cannot with certainty rule out that missingness masked a true effect of the intervention. Our study indicates that assisted vaginal deliveries can be decreased without an increased risk of fetal hypoxia. Dilution of effect in a complex clinical setting, rare outcomes, insufficient intervention and a possible overestimation of the impact of errors in CTG management might explain the lack of effect.

AB - Introduction: Studies indicate an association between errors in cardiotocography (CTG) management and hypoxic brain injuries among newborns. Continuing professional education is recommended. We aimed to examine whether the implementation of a national interprofessional CTG education program in Denmark was associated with a decrease in risk of fetal hypoxia measured by umbilical cord pH < 7.00, 5-minute Apgar score <7 or neonatal therapeutic hypothermia. As a secondary aim, we assessed whether the educational intervention was associated with an increase in operative deliveries. Material and methods: We conducted a historical cohort study from 2009 to 2015 including all intended vaginal deliveries with liveborn singletons in cephalic presentation and gestational age ≥37 weeks. Data were retrieved from the Medical Birth Register and the National Patient Register. The study period was divided in three: pre-implementation (2009-2012), implementation (2013) and post-implementation (2014-2015). Using logistic regression we estimated odds ratios (OR) of fetal hypoxia outcomes using the pre-implementation period as reference. Analyses were adjusted for potential maternal, neonatal and delivery-associated confounders. Missing data were accounted for by multiple imputation. Results: In all, 331 282 deliveries were included. Overall risks of pH < 7.00, Apgar score <7 and therapeutic hypothermia were respectively 0.45%, 0.58% and 0.06%. Adjusted OR in the post-implementation period were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.26), 0.99 (95% CI 0.90-1.10) and 1.34 (95% CI 0.99-1.82) for the three outcomes, respectively. The pH missingness equaled 12.4%. Odds of emergency cesarean section was unaltered, whereas the odds of assisted vaginal delivery decreased by 14% (0.86, 95% CI 0.84-0.89). Conclusions: Healthcare professionals are considered the weakest link of CTG technology. We did not find that increasing healthcare professionals’ CTG interpretation skills affected the risk of fetal hypoxia. Missing data for pH values were substantial and represent a limitation of the study. We cannot with certainty rule out that missingness masked a true effect of the intervention. Our study indicates that assisted vaginal deliveries can be decreased without an increased risk of fetal hypoxia. Dilution of effect in a complex clinical setting, rare outcomes, insufficient intervention and a possible overestimation of the impact of errors in CTG management might explain the lack of effect.

KW - cardiotocography

KW - electronic fetal monitoring

KW - epidemiology

KW - fetal hypoxia

KW - interprofessional education

KW - medical education

U2 - 10.1111/aogs.13666

DO - 10.1111/aogs.13666

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 31140581

AN - SCOPUS:85067868590

VL - 98

SP - 1258

EP - 1267

JO - Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica

JF - Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica

SN - 0001-6349

IS - 10

ER -